This is not good. I would bet that the actual file system is some kind of FAT. The whole issue looks similar to https://forum.syncthing.net/t/strange-modification-of-new-files/17346, and in particular https://forum.syncthing.net/t/strange-modification-of-new-files/17346/4.
Could you provide more information about the device (manufacturer, model, Android version, etc.)? I would also suggest to manually set Mod Time Window to 2 in the Advanced Configuration for all the folders, and then see if the resync problems persist or not.
@Catfriend1 Do you perhaps have any more information on this? Are FAT partitions reported as fuseblk in the newer versions of Android? I have only one device running newish Android (i.e. LineageOS 16), but it reports the file system as empty, and as such has the 2s mtime window applied automatically (see https://forum.syncthing.net/t/syncthing-keeps-attempting-to-resync-files-that-have-not-changed/17359/2).