I am having the same exact issue, but from windows machine to windows machine.
Err:“syncing: shortcut file (setting metadata): Access is denied.”}}
Now what I’m finding out is if I sync ownership of the file or folders I get this access denied error. IF I turn that off but only sync the extended attributes it works just fine.
In my use case I have a DFS-Namespace and I want to use Syncthing to keep the two file servers in sync. I can not seem to figure out why syncing ownership is failing and doesn’t seem to be a topic most people here are familiar with. Most posts here suggest to select the option “ignore permissions” and let the destination folder determine inheritance of owner and permissions. Which in the case of your android phone it might be fine.